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RENAL & UROLOGICAL SYSTEMS
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter out cell waste and produces urine. The other three however, the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, together drain urine from kidneys, store it, and release during urination. In addition, the urinary system retains homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium, and red blood cells (RBC’s).
The kidneys are bean shaped organs, protected by adipose (fat), and located posterior to the abdominal cavity. The left kidney is faintly higher than the right one because the liver is larger and is located on the left side of the body. The ureters carry the urine and transport it to the bladder. Upon entering the bladder, the ureterovesical valves prevent urine from flowing back towards the kidneys.
The urinary bladder is a hollow organ located in the pelvis and stores up to 600-800 milliliters of urine. The urethra in women empties out through the vagina, and in males, the penis. To add, the urethra in males also carries sperm. Controlling the low of the urethra are the internal and external urethral sphincter muscles. The internal sphincter is made of smooth muscle and passes involuntary and sends the signal to the brain to urinate. The external sphincter is skeletal muscle and opened to allow urine to pass through the urethra or may be held closed to delay urination.
Maintaining homeostasis is a complex job for all the body’s systems, in the renal and urologic system secretions need to be controlled such as; ions, pH, osmolarity, and blood pressure. Then to be more intricate, kidneys have nephrons which filter blood to produce urine. Combined with, glomerulus, a bundle of capillaries in a capsule that absorb all nutrients from plasma in the blood stream, it expels waste as well. Also, as the body feels the urge to urinate the brain and spinal cord are relaxed to avoid discomfort.
Inner Body: Urinary System
http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter out cell waste and produces urine. The other three however, the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, together drain urine from kidneys, store it, and release during urination. In addition, the urinary system retains homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium, and red blood cells (RBC’s).
The kidneys are bean shaped organs, protected by adipose (fat), and located posterior to the abdominal cavity. The left kidney is faintly higher than the right one because the liver is larger and is located on the left side of the body. The ureters carry the urine and transport it to the bladder. Upon entering the bladder, the ureterovesical valves prevent urine from flowing back towards the kidneys.
The urinary bladder is a hollow organ located in the pelvis and stores up to 600-800 milliliters of urine. The urethra in women empties out through the vagina, and in males, the penis. To add, the urethra in males also carries sperm. Controlling the low of the urethra are the internal and external urethral sphincter muscles. The internal sphincter is made of smooth muscle and passes involuntary and sends the signal to the brain to urinate. The external sphincter is skeletal muscle and opened to allow urine to pass through the urethra or may be held closed to delay urination.
Maintaining homeostasis is a complex job for all the body’s systems, in the renal and urologic system secretions need to be controlled such as; ions, pH, osmolarity, and blood pressure. Then to be more intricate, kidneys have nephrons which filter blood to produce urine. Combined with, glomerulus, a bundle of capillaries in a capsule that absorb all nutrients from plasma in the blood stream, it expels waste as well. Also, as the body feels the urge to urinate the brain and spinal cord are relaxed to avoid discomfort.
Inner Body: Urinary System
http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html
HEY, LOOK!
PubMed: Midkine in nephrogenesis, hypertension and kidney diseases.
New studies say Midkine (MK) will target renal failure and treat hypertension. To add, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) will push oxides stress to its limits so MK will generate faster.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106831
Science Daily: Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as Effective Treatment for C. Difficile and Other Diseases
I have read this article myself in my Body Systems and Disease class and it has proved to very informative and disgusting at the same time. If the title does not five it away, fecal transplantation uses someones else's healthy feces to help someone with poor feces suffering a disease.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130822194534.htm
PubMed: Midkine in nephrogenesis, hypertension and kidney diseases.
New studies say Midkine (MK) will target renal failure and treat hypertension. To add, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) will push oxides stress to its limits so MK will generate faster.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106831
Science Daily: Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as Effective Treatment for C. Difficile and Other Diseases
I have read this article myself in my Body Systems and Disease class and it has proved to very informative and disgusting at the same time. If the title does not five it away, fecal transplantation uses someones else's healthy feces to help someone with poor feces suffering a disease.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130822194534.htm
SOURCES
- "Urinary System." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014.
- W, Sato, and Sato Y. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2014.
- American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. "Fecal microbiota transplantation as effective treatment for C. difficile and other diseases." ScienceDaily, 22 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2014.
- "Distance Education Faculty." Faculty Websites @ Southwest Tennessee Community College. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2014.
- "Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results ProgramTurning Cancer Data Into Discovery." Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2014.
- "New! Study Guides." STUDYBLUE. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2014.