ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
This specific system works closely with all the systems especially the nervous and reproductive: controlling blood, hormones produced by glands, and overall homeostasis in all the organs. The brain contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus controlling the pituitary gland. Some secretions include oxytocin, the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormones (GH).
Speaking of the pituitary glands it is split up into two regions: anterior and posterior. The Posterior Pituitary is actually nervous tissue not glandular and releases the oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormones. Oxytocin is used while breastfeeding and contractions during childbirth. Antidiuretics prevent water loss, uptake water in the kidneys, and reduce blood to the sweat glands. The Anterior Pituitary is the glandular portion of the pituitary and is in charge of six hormones: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Human growth hormone (HGH), and Prolactin (PRL). TSH stimulates the thyroid, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, FSH stimulates follicle cells of the gonads to produce gametes— ova in females and sperm in males, LH stimulates gonads producing sex hormones—estrogens in females and testosterone in males, HGH stimulating growth/ repair/ reproduction, and PRL produces breast milk.
The pineal gland, posterior to the thalamus of the brain, produces melatonin, the sleep-wake cycle AKA the circadian rhythm, in dark lighting inhibited by sensitivity in the retina.
The thyroid gland is butterfly shaped on the base of the neck and produces three (3) major hormones: Calcitonin, Triiodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4). Calcitonin helps absorb calcium into the bones, T3 and T4 work together to regulate the metabolic rate.
The parathyroid glands are four (4) small masses of glandular tissue and produce the hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is released when calcium ion levels in the blood drop below a certain point. Additionally, it stimulates osteoclasts to break down the calcium containing bone matrix releasing free calcium ions into bloodstream.
The adrenal glands are found superior to the kidneys and have an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. Adrenal cortex produces many cortical hormones in three (3) classes: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
The pancreas is at the inferior and posterior to the stomach, part of the endocrine and exocrine tissue. Alpha and beta cells produce glucagon raising glycogen (sugar) levels.
Lastly, the gonads—ovaries in females and testes in males, are responsible for producing sex hormones. The sex hormones determine the secondary sex characteristics of adult females and adult males.
InnerBody: Endocrine System
http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html
This specific system works closely with all the systems especially the nervous and reproductive: controlling blood, hormones produced by glands, and overall homeostasis in all the organs. The brain contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus controlling the pituitary gland. Some secretions include oxytocin, the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormones (GH).
Speaking of the pituitary glands it is split up into two regions: anterior and posterior. The Posterior Pituitary is actually nervous tissue not glandular and releases the oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormones. Oxytocin is used while breastfeeding and contractions during childbirth. Antidiuretics prevent water loss, uptake water in the kidneys, and reduce blood to the sweat glands. The Anterior Pituitary is the glandular portion of the pituitary and is in charge of six hormones: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Human growth hormone (HGH), and Prolactin (PRL). TSH stimulates the thyroid, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, FSH stimulates follicle cells of the gonads to produce gametes— ova in females and sperm in males, LH stimulates gonads producing sex hormones—estrogens in females and testosterone in males, HGH stimulating growth/ repair/ reproduction, and PRL produces breast milk.
The pineal gland, posterior to the thalamus of the brain, produces melatonin, the sleep-wake cycle AKA the circadian rhythm, in dark lighting inhibited by sensitivity in the retina.
The thyroid gland is butterfly shaped on the base of the neck and produces three (3) major hormones: Calcitonin, Triiodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4). Calcitonin helps absorb calcium into the bones, T3 and T4 work together to regulate the metabolic rate.
The parathyroid glands are four (4) small masses of glandular tissue and produce the hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is released when calcium ion levels in the blood drop below a certain point. Additionally, it stimulates osteoclasts to break down the calcium containing bone matrix releasing free calcium ions into bloodstream.
The adrenal glands are found superior to the kidneys and have an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. Adrenal cortex produces many cortical hormones in three (3) classes: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
The pancreas is at the inferior and posterior to the stomach, part of the endocrine and exocrine tissue. Alpha and beta cells produce glucagon raising glycogen (sugar) levels.
Lastly, the gonads—ovaries in females and testes in males, are responsible for producing sex hormones. The sex hormones determine the secondary sex characteristics of adult females and adult males.
InnerBody: Endocrine System
http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html
LOOKY, LOOKY!
PubMed: Septin functions in organ system physiology and pathology
This article says the endocrine alone makes specific cells to help with other body functions and organs.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24114910
Inqiuiry: Multiple Choice Quiz
Even though this quiz might take awhile, it will broaden your mind with endocrinology facts.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072421975/student_view0/chapter20/multiple_choice_quiz.html
Free Nurse Tutor: Millionaire Game
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire! A fun game to trivialize with yourself.
http://freenursetutor.com/menuparent-endocrine-system/millionaire-game-endocrine-system.html
PubMed: Septin functions in organ system physiology and pathology
This article says the endocrine alone makes specific cells to help with other body functions and organs.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24114910
Inqiuiry: Multiple Choice Quiz
Even though this quiz might take awhile, it will broaden your mind with endocrinology facts.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072421975/student_view0/chapter20/multiple_choice_quiz.html
Free Nurse Tutor: Millionaire Game
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire! A fun game to trivialize with yourself.
http://freenursetutor.com/menuparent-endocrine-system/millionaire-game-endocrine-system.html
SOURCES
- "Endocrine System." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2014.
- Dolat, L., Q. Hu, and E.T. Spiliotis. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
- "Multiple Choice Quiz." Multiple Choice Quiz. Inquiry to Life, 2006. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
- "Millionaire Game- Endocrine System." Millionaire Game- Endocrine System. Free Nurse Tutor, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
- "Cea1.com – Human Body Anatomy." Cea1com Human Body Anatomy. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.